Vol 15 Iss 7

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The Literacy Component Model: A Pragmatic Universal Paradigm

Bruce Allen Knight^a, Susan Galletly^b, Kerry Therese Aprile^{c a}Central Queensland University, Australia; University of Ostrava, Czech Republic, ^bPrivate Speech Pathologist, Australia, ^cCentral Queensland University, Australia

The Simple View of Reading (SVR; Gough & Tunmer, 1986; Hoover & Gough, 1990), a well-established model used widely in reading research, states that reading comprehension builds from two relatively independent subskills, word-reading skills and language skills. By not including writing and key literacy-processing skills, the SVR lacks power as a universal model to guide instruction. This article proposes the Literacy Component Model (LCM) that the authors have adapted by including writing with the SVR to highlight five key literacy components, namely: reading comprehension, word reading, language skills for literacy, word writing, and written expression.  Additionally, it includes phonological, orthographic, visual, and automatising subskills of word reading and word writing, as important impacting factors. Already used successfully with practitioners, the LCM is a flexible pragmatic paradigm supporting an understanding of literacy development across different orthographies. Pages 1 to 23

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Entrepreneurial Financing and Profitability: Evidence from Selected SMEs in Ogun State, Nigeria

¹Dr. Margret N. Kabuoh ²Dr. Sammuel A. Ulikere, ³Dr. Francis A. Akintola, ⁴Osunsami A. Obafemi, ^1,2,3,4Department of Business Administration and Marketing, School of Management Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan –Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria, Email: iheanetu2000@gmail.com

The contribution of small medium enterprises (SMEs) in any economy globally is critical and must be given adequate attention. Most of the SMEs  are still constrained by poor management skills and lack of modern technology despite what private investors and government have done and still doing in order to enhance the performance of the SMEs, which  may be as a result of inadequate financing leading to low profitability. This study examined the effects of entrepreneurial financing dimensions on the profitability of selected SMEs in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study adopted cross-sectional survey research design. The population comprised 1,794 owner/managers of SMEs. The sample size of 425 was drawn via Taro Yamane 1967 formula. A validated questionnaire was administered for data collection. The Average Variance Extracted of the constructs ranged from 0.741 to 0.896. The response rate was 82.4%. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and multiple regressions. Findings from the study revealed that eentrepreneurial financing dimensions (bank loans, government grant, venture capital, funds from family)  had positive and significant effect on profitability of SMEs in Ogun State (R = 0.495, Adj. R² = 0.236, F (4, 345) = 28, p < 0.05). The study concluded that entrepreneurial financing dimensions play an important role in enhancing the profitability of selected SMEs in Ogun State, Nigeria. Thus, this study recommended that the financial institutions should creatively craft and adopt the availability of cheaper funds that would yield adequate profitability of SMEs with view to sustainability while enhancing economic growth. Pages 24 to 45

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A Study of Learning Style Preferences and Challenges Faced by the Students in Virtual Education

Sobia Yaseen^a, Dr. Bushra Iqbal Chohan^b, Wajeeha Komal^c, Dr Mudassir Hussain^d*, Roza Jamal^c, ^a University of Kotli, AJK, ^b Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi, ^c Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, ^d* University of Lakki Marwat, KPK, Pakistan. Email: ^d*mudassir@ulm.edu.pk   

This research was designed to identify the learning styles preferences, and to explore the challenges, and learning strategies of the students of Virtual University of Pakistan. The research approach of the study was mixed method, in which quantitative approach was used for identifying the learning styles preferences of students of Virtual University in Pakistan. The qualitative approach was employed to find out the challenges faced by the students having different learning styles in virtual learning environment, and to identify the learning strategies which they used before and after starting online mode of education in order to cope with the academic requirements of virtual education and to improve their learning. In the quantitative phase of the study, a sample of 149 students of business administration in Virtual University of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujarkhan, Kahuta and Muzafrabad city was identified according to the three main learning styles, i.e., auditory, visual and kinesthetic, and classified as auditory, visual and kinesthetic learners. A small group of 5 students (total 15) from each learning group was conveniently selected as the informants for the qualitative part of the study. Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with these participant students. There were considerable differences and similarities found in the challenges faced and learning strategies used by the students with respect to the virtual education. Pages 46 to 68

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Predicting Impulse Buying Beyond the Traditional Motivation in Mobile Social Commerce

Syed Waqar Haider^1*,  Muhammad Farooq Rehan², Rana Nadir Idrees³, Syed Khurram Jafri⁴, Sehrish Naz⁵, Tajalli Fatima⁶, ^1*Faculty of Management Sciences, ILMA University, Kararchi, Pakistan & Xi'an Jiaotong University, China, ²College of commerce, GC University, Faisalabad, ³Management Sciences, COMSATS University, Lahore campus, ⁴Management sciences, Bahria University, Lahore, ⁵University of management & technology, Sialkot Campus, ⁶Business department, Govt College Women University, Sialkot, Correspondence Email: ^1*sw_rizvi@hotmail.com

To unfold impulse buying behaviour beyond traditional settings and to see how individual chronotype and regulatory focus can predict impulse buying behaviour in a mobile social commerce context. This study used the questionnaire-based survey. Using “SPSS” survey questionnaire, responses of 504 respondents were analysed and validated by employing ANOVA and multi regression. All the variables were adopted from literature. The findings from a sample of 504 mobile social commerce consumers confirmed that the regulatory focus and chronotype have a significant relationship with impulse buying. This study only considers morning and evening types; future studies can also investigate “neither type” chronotypes. Online shopping in a mobile social commerce environment was considered in general in this study, but future research can use a specific product category. The new insights and contributions of this study provide a better understanding of digital consumers to help sellers to develop a more effective mobile social commerce strategy.Impulse buying has been an important topic for researchers and marketers. It has been studied mostly in traditional offline and online shopping channels. This is perhaps the first research to gain an insight into impulse buying behaviour in mobile social commerce by incorporating the regulatory focus theory (prevention vs. promotion), and chronotypes (evening vs. morning type person) which are a part of the consumers’ traits. Pages 69 to 87

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Developing Factors of Sustainable Purchase Intentions of Luxury Brands Mediated by Power Distance Beliefs

Syeda Quratulain Kazmi^a , Mustaghis Ur Rahman^b , ^aAssistant Professor PAF (Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology), ^bProfessor at Faculty of Management Sciences, Bahria University, Karachi Campus. Email: ^aSyedakazmi44@gmail.com, ^bmustaghis.bukc@bahria.edu,pk

To understand the deeper theoretical and practical implication of consumer’s sustainable buying intentions of luxury brands and what previous literature has contributed to social, marketing, financial and functional contexts. However, the cultural aspect associated with the role of power distance belief in determining sustainable purchase intentions of luxury brands is still underexplored. In order to address this gap in the literature, this research has been conducted by taking the power distance dimension from Hofstede’s cultural framework and by looking at its application in Pakistani society’s attitude toward the purchase of luxury brands.The empirical study among 350 male and female respondents aged between15-45 has been conducted and is explanatory in nature. The structural equation modeling (SEM) by using Smart PLS 3.0 is used for data analysis. As this research is a consumer-based study that leads to finding unavailability of specific sampling frames and data of exact numbers of customers that is why customers of various luxury brands which include apparel, watches, and cosmetics were approached in shopping malls located in different prime locations of Karachi.The results of this research were addressing the positive impact of brand loyalty, brand awareness and personal factors on sustainable purchase intentions of luxury brands mediated by power distance beliefs whereas brand awareness has no significant direct and indirect impact on purchase intentions of luxury brands.The results of this research have confirmed the presence of power distance dimension in the Pakistani business market and strong power distance belief systems that bifurcate customers on the basis of how strongly they accept and expect inequality in society and vice versa. However, this study refers to significant impacts of personal factors, brand awareness and brand loyalty on sustainable purchase intention of luxury brands mediated by power distance beliefs. Still, numbers of variables need to be determined like power distance belief and purchase of low and high involvement products and the impact of power distance beliefs on consumer perception in the secondary business market. Pages 88 to 108

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Assessing the Impact of Supervisor and Co-worker Incivility on Employee's Turnover Intention among Nurses at Tertiary Care, Public Sector Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Maryam Moula Bakhsh^a, Tariq Jalees^b, Muhammad Sufyan Ramish^c, Aqeel Israr^d, Atif Aziz^e, ^aKarachi Institute of Economics and Technology, ^bKarachi Institute of Economics and Technology, ^cInstitute of Business Management, ^dInstitute of Research Policy, ^eKarachi Institute of Economics and Technology

The environment in the services industry, especially hospitals, is non-conducive for the employees. Long working hours and excessive workload drain their resources (time and energy), leading to emotional stress, low motivation, and high turnover intention. Thus, we have developed a new model that has four direct relationships and one mediating. We have collected the data from nurses of the public sector hospitals of Karachi. We have used a self-administered questionnaire for the study adapted from the earlier studies. The study's sample size was 372, which we calculated at a 95% confidence interval and 5% confidence level. We found Supervisor incivility, co-worker incivility, and emotional exhaustion affects turnover intention. Also, emotional exhaustion promotes turnover intention.  We also found that emotional intelligence mediates co-worker incivility and turnover intention. Hiring and training new employees are expensive, and it affects the sustainability of an organisation. The health sector in Pakistan and globally suffers due to a shortage of nurses, affecting human lives. The hospitals must develop a conducive environment so that nurses do not suffer from excessive workload and working hours. Uncivilized behaviour and bullying in the health sector are common. Pages 109 to 124

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Factors Influencing the Customer (Students) Value of E-Learning Systems: A Case of the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal

Ayanda Pamella Deliwe, Faculty of Business and Economic Science, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6019, South Africa, Email: Ayanda.deliwe@mandela.ac.za

Education enables several social aspects such as public health, economic growth, sustainable development and poverty reduction more specifically in today’s knowledge society. There is a need for rapid changes in physical, digital and biological technologies and how people work and live to maintain economic competitiveness and social development. For universities to be able to keep up and adapt to the changes in technology, their e-learning systems should be in order. Information and communication technologies are said to be one of the pathways that have gained currency over the past two decades. This study’s main focus was on understanding the factors which influence customer value on e-learning systems. The study was based at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal where a quantitative study was conducted through a questionnaire being distributed to students. A hypothesised model was used in understanding the factors that could contribute to the customer value of e-learning. The results revealed that what students view as most important to them which is more valuable was the service delivery quality, Information Technology (IT) infrastructure services and perceived usefulness. This led to the researcher proposing through recommendations that if universities want to improve customer value they have to focus mainly on service delivery quality, IT infrastructure services and perceived usefulness as these were viewed as adding more value to students. Pages 125 to 145

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Innovation as a Mediator in the Effect of Organisational Learning and Organisational Performance of Egypt’s Public Sector Spinning and Weaving Companies

Ihab Lotfy Abdelaal Abed^1*, Sayed Hassan Abdelmajeed², Naglaa Mohamed Roby Sofy³, Solaf Aboelfateh Elhamrawey⁴, Mohamed Noureldin Sayed ⁵, Alaa Fathi Soliman ⁶, ^1,2Associate Professor of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441. P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia. ³Assistant Professor at the College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441. P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia. ⁴Assistant professor of kindergarten, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441. P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia, ⁵Assistant Professor of Finance, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441. P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia, ⁶ Assistant Professor of Accounting, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441. P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia. Email: ¹ilabed@iau.edu.sa, ¹dr.ehablotfyabed@gmail.com, ²Shabdelmeguid@iau.edu.sa, ³nmsofy@iau.edu.sa, ³dr.naglaa.sofy123@gmail.com, ⁴saabdelazeem@iau.edu.sa, ⁴saabdelazeem@gmail.com, ⁵ smnsayed@iau.edu.sa, %20afathy1970@gmail.com%20">⁶afsoliman@iau.edu.sa, afathy1970@gmail.com

This study aims to explore the impact of organisational learning (information acquisition- information dissemination - information interpretation- organisational memory) on organisational performance due to the innovations centred in Egypt’s public sector spinning and weaving companies. To test the degree of impact, the researchers undertook path analysis by using the Analysis of Moment Structures’ tool known as Amos. This study’s findings show that, due to the innovations centred in Egypt’s public sector spinning and weaving companies, the dimensions of organisational learning processes have a significant effect on organisational performance. This supports the recommendation that, with technical innovation at the centre, care and attention is needed to support organisational learning processes to improve performance. Pages 146 to 163

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Co-integration and Causal Relationship among South Asian and World Equity Markets; Impact of Political Uncertainty

Mr. Muhammad Mahboob^a, Mr. Muhammad Aksar^b (Corresponding Author), Mr. Shoib Hassan^c, Dr. Shahzad Hussain^d, Mr. Naveed Anjum^e, ^aPhD Scholar, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, ^bLecturer, NUML, Rawalpindi, ^cPhD Scholar, COMSATS University Islamabad, ^dAssistant Professor, Foundation University, Islamabad, ^ePhD Scholar, University of Swabi, Email: ^asmfanni@yahoo.com, ^bmuhammad.aksar@numl.edu.pk, ^cshoaibhasan83@yahoo.com, ^dshahzadhussainpeace@gmail.com, ^enaveedicma@gmail.com

The current research study aims to analyze the relationship and spillover effect among equity markets of South Asian region (Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka) and World developed equity markets (UK and US) along with impact of political uncertainty on volatility of south Asian markets and world equity markets by taking daily time series data from July, 2000 to June, 2017. The current research employed Unrestricted VAR, Johansen Co-integration, Impulse Response Function, Variance Decomposition and VAR Grainger Causality tests. Overall results depicts that weaker correlation exist in all markets except for UK and US. Similarly, no long run co-integration is found, however, world developed markets granger cause themselves and other South Asian markets. Further, variation in all markets is almost due to their own innovation and innovation in other markets. However, KSE has no impact of other markets and major changes are due to its own innovation in short run. The study is a source of awareness for regional and international investors, bankers, fund managers, decision makers, researchers and academia towards making decisions in portfolio diversification and exploits investment opportunities. Pages 164 to 186

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Impact of Project Complexity on Cost Overruns with the Moderating Effect of Contractors’ Financial Attributes in Construction Projects

Faizan Shahroz¹, Rao Aamir Khan², Muhammad Khushnood³, Sohail Aslam⁴, Zeeshan Zaib Khattak⁵, Sammar Abbas⁶, ^1,2Department of Management Sciences, Comsats University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan, ⁴Department of Accounting and Finance, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, ^3,5,6Institute of Business Studies, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Pakistan, Email: ¹faizanshahroz@gmail.com; ²rao_aamir@comsats.edu.pk; ³mkhushnood@kust.edu.pk, ⁴sohail.aslam@iub.edu.pk, ⁵dr.zeeshan@kust.edu.pk; ⁶sabbas@kust.edu.pk

This study selected the financial attributes of the contractor working on a construction project as a moderator on the strength of the relationship between project complexity and cost overruns in a project after the completion of a project. The population includes project managers, senior engineers, project owners and contractors employed on infrastructure projects. After testing the validity and reliability of the instrument through a pilot study, a full scale survey was conducted to collect data from 230 respondents. SPSS, AMOS were used to test the measurement models and structural model. Hayes’ Model (2009) of moderated regression was used to see the moderated relationship between project complexity and cost overruns for each type of project complexity separately, which showed that the financial attributes of contractors have a negative impact on the strength of the relationship between project complexity and cost overruns in construction projects. The impact of each type of complexity on cost overrun was found significant using ANOVA and through standardised coefficients in multiple linear regression. The impact of project complexity on cost overruns was significant and project complexity predicted a significant proportion of cost overrun in the construction projects in Pakistan. Financial attributes of the contractors played a vital role in the construction projects when it came to the relationship between project complexity and the cost overrun. The study was limited to analyzing the effect of dimensions of the project on cost runs in the construction projects. The results are relevant for project managers, especially contractors to consider the importance of financial attributes in reducing the risk of cost overrun. The role of contractor’s financial attributes on positive relationship between project complexity and cost overrun has been empirically tested. The study included infrastructural projects in Pakistan, with unique settings. Pages 187 to 206

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The Omani Diaspora in Eastern Africa

Cuneyt Yenigun^a, Yasir AlRahbi^b, ^aAssociate Professor, Director of International Relations and Security Studies Graduate Programs, Founder of Political Science Department, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman,  ^bOman National Defence College, Sultan Qaboos University, IRSS Graduate Program, M.A. in International Relations, Muscat, Oman. Email: ^acuneyt@squ.edu.om, cuneytyeni3@gmail.com; ^bYasir.Rahbi@ndc.edu.om,  yasser5757@gmail.com

Diasporas play an important role in international relations by connecting homeland and host country. Diasporas can act as a bridge between the sending states and the receiving states in promoting peace and security, and in facilitating economic cooperation between the two sides. Omani people started to settle into Eastern Africa 1300 years ago. It intensified dramatically and reached its peak during the Golden Age of Oman. After Oman lost power and territories in the last century, the natural Omani Diaspora emerged in five different African countries. Perhaps there are millions of Omanis in the region, but the data is not well known. This study concentrates historical background of the Omani Diaspora and today’s Omani Diaspora situation in the region. To understand their current situation in the region, a visit plan was projected and 4 countries and 17 cities were visited, 155 families’ representatives were interviewed with 13 interview questions. In this study, the Omani Diaspora’s tendencies, cultural developments, family relations, home country (Oman) relations, economic situation, political participation, and civil organisational capabilities have been explored. If they establish a diaspora confederation in the region, it could be a bridge and a contributive actor between Oman and Eastern African countries today. Pages 207 to 227

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Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurship and its impact on SMEs Development

Dr.  Faiz Ul Hassan Shah¹, *Dr. Urooj Fatima², Dr. Maqsood Ahmad^3, Abdul Ahad Roshan Saeed⁴, Dr. Muhammad Usman Riaz⁵, Farhan Ghafoor⁶, ¹Mir Chakar Khan Rind University Sibi, Baluchistan. HOD of Department of Education, ²*Riphah International University, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Faisalabad (Corresponding author), ³Divisional Model School, Faisalabad, ⁴Lecturer, Department of Education, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University Sibi, Baluchistan, ⁵Harbin University of Science and Technology, China, School of Economics and Management, ⁶Government College University Faisalabad, Research Assistant, Emails: ¹Syed.f@mckru.edu.pk, ²*fatimaarooj092@gmail.com, ^{3maqsoodbabar5050@yahoo.com}, ⁴iamroshansaeed@gmail.com, ⁵musmanriaz@yahoo.com, ⁶mfarhaan258@gmail.com

With the passage of time, women entrepreneurship issues have significantly increased in Pakistan.  This investigation tries to find how women entrepreneurs suffer with different issues such as lack of networking, unsupportive or unfavourable regulatory and business environment and lack of training and development which cause their resistance. The findings have prompted training of the women entrepreneurs for their development. Earlier research argue that the development of women is integral for the better economic health of the country. The respondents highlight that women entrepreneurs experience various difficulties in accessing finance, following regulation, and overcoming resistance for their business. The research made use of quantitative approach. The investigation was done only in Pakistan context. The sample size was 200 women entrepreneurs from Pakistan. Regression and correlation were carried out on SPSS to accept or reject the hypotheses. it was found that women entrepreneurship is one of the major factors that contribute to the success and development of countries. However, women of Pakistan suffer with many issues when they want to start their business. This has resulted in many issues for them. Hence, it is recommended that women should be supported as an entrepreneur, as it would allow them to remain competitive and make their nation sustain.  Pages 228 to 252

The Current State of Property Development in Indonesia During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Dwi Rahmawati¹, Raden Aswin Rahadi², Almira Devita Putri³, ¹Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Ekuitas Bandung, ²School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, ³Universitas Teknokrat Lampung

The Entrepreneurial Intention of Tertiary Accounting Students

Bomi Nomlala^a, Thabo Mtshali^b, Ziska Fields^c, ^aSenior Lecturer, School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, ^bPhD Student, Graduate School of Business and Leadership , University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, ^cProfessor(ex) in  School of Management, Information Systems and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Email: ^anomlalabc@ukzn.ac.za. ^bmtshali@ukzn.ac.za , ^cfields@ukzn.ac.za

Does Firm Level Corruption Increase Innovation: A Case of Lower-Middle Income Economies

Syed Muhammad Imran^a, Dr. Nabila Asghar^b, Dr. Farhat Rasul^c, ^aLecturer, Government Degree College Yazman, Pakistan, ^bAssistant Professor, Department of Economics and Business Administration, Division of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Education, Lahore. ^cAssistant Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: ^asyedimran.ravian@gmail.com, ^bdrnabeelakhan.eco@gmail.com, ^cfahat.rasul@umt.edu.pk

Innovative Woven Designs: Concepts and Development for New Entrepreneurs in the Textile Sector of Pakistan

Dr. Allah Dad¹, Umber Zahid², Dr. Muhammad Dawood Husain³, Syed Asad⁴, ¹Assistant Professor, PIFD, Lahore Pakistan, ²PhD Scholar, Design Studies, IIU-Malaysia, ³Associate Professor, Textile Engineering Department; NED UET Karachi Pakistan, ⁴Assistant Professor, AIFD, Karachi Pakistan

Investigation of Rhetorical Move Structure of Theses Abstracts at Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan: A Genre Analysis

Qurat-ul-Aine^a, Dr. Syeda Samina Tahira^b, Somia Yaqub^c, ^bHoD, Department of Education, G.C. Women University Faisalabad, ^cDepartment of Education, G.C. Women University Faisalabad.  Email: ^aaneerana1564@gmail.com, ^bdr.samina@gcwuf.edu.pk, ^csomiayaqub@gmail.com

An Innovative Mentorship Behavior Model Imperative for Sustainable Higher Education

Syeda Sheeba Hussain^a, Dr. Syed Muhammad Ali Tirmizi^b, Dr. Wajeeha Shahid^c, Prof. Dr. Syed Mutahir Hussain Shah^d, ^aM.Phil Qualified, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan, ^bAssociate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpindi Campus, Pakistan, ^cAssociate Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan, ^dPro-Rector, National College of Business Administration & Economics, East Canal Campus Lahore, Pakistan. Email: ^asheebatirmizi@gmail.com, ^bdr.alitirmizi@fui.edu.pk (Corresponding Author), ^cwaurangzeb@numl.edu.pk, ^dprorector.ecc@ncbae.edu.pk

Features and Basic Institutions of Modern National Governance

Nguyen Trong Binh, Academy of Politics Region IV, Can Tho City, Vietnam, Email: trongbinh195@yahoo.com

Impact of Women’s Economic Dependency on Women’s Political Participation in Pakhtun Society

Muhammad Israr¹, Arab Naz², Muhammad Khan³* Ahmad Ali⁴, Sajjad Ali Khan^5, Sami Ullah^5, Tahir Mahmood^7, Aman ullah⁸ Sameer Ul Khaliq Jan^{9 1,6}Department of Sociology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Dir (U) Pakistan. ²Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. ³Department of Management Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, KP, Pakistan. ⁴Department of Sociology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, KP, Pakistan. ⁵Department of International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan23200, KP, Pakistan. ⁷Department of Rural Development and Sociology, Karakorum International University, Daimir-Chilas Campus. ⁸Department of Sociology, University of Swabi, Pakistan. ⁹Department of Social Work, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Dir (U) Pakistan. *Correspondence Email: muhammadkhan@awkum.edu.pk

In most of the societies, a socio-economic divide exists between men and women in economic spheres. However, economic resources have similar effects on both the genders. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of women’s economic deprivation on their political status in Pakhtun society. Quantitative method of social research was applied through a survey in seven districts of Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The data was collected from a sample of 320 women councilors using interview schedule. Univariate analyses were conducted for frequencies and percentages and bivariate analyses for the possible association between the variables by chi-square test, using SPSS 20. The study revealed that women’s economic dependency has a significant impact upon their political participation in Pakhtun society. Due to strong patriarchy men are considered the only bread winners that deprive women from proprietorship and inheritance rights. Similarly, different gender roles, lack of vocational training and unpaid domestic labor lead to women’s dependency in the socio-economic structure of society. Women are stereotyped under the false conception of least intelligence and unproductive. Strong honor codes and gender segregation limit their access to employment that limit women’s participation in public spheres. Hence, women remain on the disposal of men in every decision including politics. This study recommends the role of mass media to spread awareness, legislating gender friendly policies and strict implementation. Similarly, campaigns of civil society would certainly yield long lasting effects on women’s economic uplifting and their political participation. Pages 366 to 391

The Impact of a Problem-Solving Strategy to Develop Reflective Thinking in Physical Education Among Pre-Service Teachers

Suha Simreen^a, Bassam Mismar^b, ^aDepartment of Physical Education School of Arts Al-Quds University Abu Dis-Palestine, ^bProfessor, Department of physical  education, School of sports science, University of Jordan Amman-Jordan, Email: ^ab.mismar@ju.edu.jo, ^bssimreen@staff.alaqds.edu

Report on Community Coping Experiences during the South African COVID-19 Lockdown

David J. Edwards^a, Jabulani D. Thwala^b and Stephen D. Edwards^c, Psychology Department, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Email: ^aedwards.davidjohn@gmail.com, ^bedwardsd@unizulu.ac.za

Techniques Used in the Teaching-Learning Process at Secondary Schools in Peshawar District, Pakistan

Dr. Adnan Shahzad*¹, Dr. Amjad Reba², Dr. Tabassum Mehboob³, Siraj Khan⁴ Shakeel Ahmad⁵,  ¹Phd . Institute of education and Research University of Peshawar, Pakistan. ²Assistant Professor Institute of education and Research University of Peshawar, Pakistan. ³TGT, University of Peshawar. ^4&5Phd Scholars Institute of education and Research University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Email: ¹shahzadadnan321@gmail.com,²amjadreba@uop.edu.pk, ³drtmehboobums@uop.edu.pk.⁴khan1ier@gmail.com. ⁵kittynaz2000@yahoo.com

Mobile Learning Acceptance in Higher Education:  Using a Simplified and Extended Technology Acceptance Model

Vijayesvaran Arumugam^a, Nezar M.Sheikh Ahmed^b, Asha Nair Ganeser^c, ^aInternational Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, ^bIndependent Researcher. ^cInternational University of Malaya Wales (IUMW), Kuala Lumpur, Email: ^a*Vijayesvaran@imu.edu.my, ^bnezar.m@gmail.com, ^casha@iumw.edu.my           

Fuelling Employee Innovative Behaviour Through Servant Leadership: A Moderated Mediated Framework

Dr. Sajid Rahman Khattak^a, Dr. Muhammad Fayaz^b, Dr. Shams ur Rahman^c, Dr. Zafar Saleem^d, Dr. Muhammad Fayaz^e, ^aAssistant Professor IBMS, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, ^bLecturer IBMS, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, ^cAssistant Professor IBMS, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, ^dAssistant Professor Mir Chakar Khan Rind University, Sibbi, ^eAssociate Professor Agriculture University Peshawar, Email: ^asajidktk99@yahoo.com, ^bfayazarbab96@yahoo.com, ^csayedshams@aup.edu.pk, ^ddrsaleem1947@gmail.com, ^emfayaz@aup.edu.pk

A Female-Agency Perspective on Female Political Leadership in Africa

Petronella Jonck, Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, North-West University, South Africa

Discursive Identity of Immigrants: A Review

Dr. Fouzia Rehman Khan^a, Dr. Mehwish Malghani^b, Dr. Shazia Ayyaz^c, ^aAssistant Professor, Department of English, SBK Women’s University Quetta. Pakistan, ^bProfessor, Department of English, Mir Chakker Khan Rind University Sibi. Pakistan, ^cAssistant Professor, Department of Applied Linguistics, Kinniad College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan

Structured Equation Model on Strategic Quality Planning, HR Utilisation, Information Analysis and Hospital Quality Performance

Dr. Muhammad Irfan^a, Muhammad Shaukat Malik^b, Laraib Aslam^c, Naureen Afzal^d, Muhammad Hasnain Ali^e, ^aAssistant Professor, Institute of Banking and Finance. Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, ^bInstitute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, ^cMS scholar (Business Administration), Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, ^dLecturer, Institute of Management Sciences, The Women University Multan, ^eVisiting Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Email: ^adr.mirfan@bzu.edu.pk, ^bshoukatmalik@bzu.edu.pk, ^claraibaslam11@gmail.com, ^dnaureen.afzal@wum.edu.pk, ^em.hasnsinali270@gmail.com

Teaching Competencies of Pre-Service Spanish Language Teachers through the ECO method

Lucas-Oliva, Inés¹, García-Jiménez, Jesús², Torres-Gordillo, Juan-Jesús³, ¹Department of Language and Literature Education, Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Seville, Spain, ²Department of Educational Research Methods and Diagnostics, Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Seville, Spain, ³Department of Educational Research Methods and Diagnostics, Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Seville, Spain. Email: ¹ilucas@us.es, ²jgarcia139@us.es, ³juanj@us.es

DOI: 10.53333/IJICC2013/15746

Evaluation of User Experience in Mobile Applications

Mohammad Awni Mahmoud^a, Usama A. Badawi^b, Tamer Farag^c, Walaa Hassan^d, Yazan M. Alomari^e, Fahad A. Alghamdi^f, ^a,b,c,d,e,fDepartment of Management Information Systems, College of Applied Studies and Community Services, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Association between Soft Skills and Job Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study among Secondary School Heads in Kohat Division, Pakistan

Dr. Qaiser Suleman¹, Dr. Makhdoom Ali Syed², Dr. Sadaf Zamir Ahmed³, Alam Zeb Khattak⁴, Dr. Razia Noreen⁵, Muhammad Saif Ullah Qureshi⁴, ¹Principal, Elementary & Secondary Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. ²Department of Education, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. ³Department of Humanities, Education, & Psychology, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ⁴Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ⁵Principal, Government Girls Higher Secondary School Bhedian Pattoki, Kasur, Pakistan.

Examining the Involvement of School Governing Bodies in Promoting Educators in South Africa

Nxumalo, T.M.¹, Gamede, B.T², Uleanya, C^*2, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa, ^*2University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, Email: ^2*chinazauleanya@yahoo.com

The Impact of Mobility on Long-term Inequality: An Analysis from Selected Districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan

Samra Kahlid^a, Nabila Asghar^b and Hafeez ur Rehman^c, ^aAssistant Professor, Higher Education Department, Government of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan, ^bAssociate Professor, Department of Economics and Business Administration, Division of Arts & Social Sciences, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan. ^cProfessor/Chairman, Department of Economics-SBE, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan. (Corresponding Author)  Email: ^asamrakhalid88@yahoo.com, ^bdrnabeelakhan.eco@gmail.com, ^c*hafeez.rehman@umt.edu.pk

HeartMath Personal and Global Coherence Data Collected Before and After COVID-19

Stephen D. Edwards^a and David J. Edwards^b, Psychology Department, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Email: edwards.davidjohn@gmail.com^b, edwardsd@unizulu.ac.za^b

Understanding the Experience of Accounting Students during the COVID-19 Lockdown in South Africa

Alexander Oluka¹, Misheck Musaigwa², Bomi Nomlala³, ¹Auditing, College of Law & Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, ²Management, college of Law & Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, ³Auditing, College of Law & Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Email: ¹olukaam@gmail.com, ²msaigwamish@gmail.com, ³nomlalabc@ukzn.ac.za

Analysis of Newly Proposed Efficient Experimental Designs Strongly Balanced for Carryover Effects when p<v

Muhammad Daniyal^a*, Rashid Ahmed^b, Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun^c,Muhammad Ismail^d, Uzma Iqbal^e, Huma Rehman^f, ^aDepartment of Statistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, *Corresponding author, ^bDepartment of Statistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, ^cDepartment of computer science, landmark university, Nigeria, ^d,e,f Department of Statistics, COMSATS university Islamabad Lahore campus, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: ^a*muhammad.daniyal@iub.edu.pk, ^brashid701@hotmail.com,^cogundokun.roseline@lmu.edu.ng, ^ddrismail39@gmail.com,^euzmaiqbal453@gmail.com, ^fhumarehman@cuilahore.edu.pk

Critical Discourse Analysis of Selected Tweets of Pakistani and Indian Prime Ministers on Indian Occupied Kashmir Issue (2019)

Ayesha Farooq^a, Khadija Akram^b, Ammen Younus^c, Kanza Naveed^d, Bisma Hassan^e, ^aMPhil, Applied Linguistics, University of Management and Technology Lahore, ^b,cLecturer, Department of Applied Linguistics, Kinnaird College for Women, ^dMPhil, Department of Applied Linguistics, Kinnaird College for Women, ^eMPhil, Educational Leadership and Management, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.

The Effects of Human’s Rational Subjective Values: An Evaluation of Dan Brown’s Inferno

Syed Qasim Shah^a, Muhammad Bilal (PhD English Scholar)^b, Nasim Ullah Khan^c, Gulfam Hassain^d, Salma Hassan^e, Saeed Ur Rahman^{f a}Lecturer in English (Corresponding Author), Bacha khan University Charsadda, Pakistan. ^b,c,fLecturer in English, Bacha khan University Charsadda, Pakistan. ^dResearch Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ^eLecturer in English, Sabawoon School and College System, Bara Peshawar Pakistan. Email: ^aqasimshah.eng@bkuc.edu.pk

Improving Students’ Creativity Using Project-based learning and Spreadsheets Module

Sekar Paramita Siska Dewi^a, Susilaningsih^b, Tri Murwaningsih^c, ^a,b,cSebelas Maret University, Email: paramitasiskadewi@gmail.com^a, susi_uns@yahoo.com^b, murwaningsih_tri@staff.uns.ac.id^c

Social Innovation in the Indonesian Village Enterprises for Sustainable Development

Aluisius Hery Pratono^a, Sonya Claudia Siwu^b, Frederik Claeye^c, ^aFaculty of Business and Economics, Universitas Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia, ^bFaculty of Law, Universitas Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia, ^cFaculté de Gestion, Economie et Sciences, Lille Catholic University, 60 Boulevard Vauban, 59800 Lille, France, Email: ^ahery_pra@staff.ubaya.ac.id, ^bsonya@staff.ubaya.ac.id, ^cfrederik.claeye@icl-lille.fr

Teachers & Parents’ Perception of Tri Hita Karana as a Noble Value to Teach Character Education

Ketut Putra Sedana^a, I Made Yudana^b, Ni Ketut Suarni^c, I Gede Yoga Permana^d, ^aStudents of Postgraduate Program Ganesha University of Education, Indonesia, ^bProfessor at Ganesha University of Education, Indonesia, ^cProfessor at Ganesha University of Education, Indonesia, ^dLecturer at STKIP Agama Hindu Singaraja, Indonesia. Email: ^akpsedana@gmail.com, ^bmade.yudana@undiksha.ac.id, ^cniketut.suarni@undiksha.ac.id, ^dyogapermana@stkipahsingaraja.ac.id

Future Threats and Opportunities in Afghanistan in the Post-US Withdrawal Scenario

Dr. Muhammad Tariq¹, Muhammad Amir², Saira Bano³, ¹Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Hazara University Mansehra, ²Lecturer Department of Pakistan Studies, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, ³Lecturer Department of Pakistan Studies, Hazara University Mansehra, Email: ¹muhammadtariq@hu.edu.pk, ²muhammadamir@aust.edu.pk, ³sairabano@hu.edu.pk

Pebbles in Ritual and Cult Practice: An Archaeological Context

Shonazarov Sh.B, National University of Uzbekistan

Perceived Impact of Non-Academic Teaching Assignments: Perceptions of Secondary School Teachers in Pakistan

Dr. Amna Yousaf¹, Dr. Irfan Bashir², Dr. Faisal Anis³, Dr Sajid Masood⁴, Hyder Ali⁵, ^1,2,3,4Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, ⁵Secondary School Teacher, School Education Department, Lahore Pakistan, Email: ¹amna.yousaf@umt.edu.pk, ²irfanbashir@umt.edu.pk, ³faisal.anis@umt.edu.pk, ⁴sajid@umt.edu.pk

Political Participation of Women in Afghanistan in the Present Set-up

Dr. Muhammad Tariq¹, Anwar Ali,² Dr. Arif Khan³, Dr. Manzoor Ahmad⁴, Dr. Muhammad Ayaz⁵, Dr. Said Saeed⁶, Dr. Rizwan Ahmad^{7  1}Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Hazara University Mansehra, ²Teaching Assistant, Department of Political Science Hazara University & Ph. D Scholar (Department of Pak Study, AUST), ³Assistant Professor, Department of Politcal Science, University of Buner, ⁴Associate Professor and Chairman Department of Political Science AWKUM,, ⁵Associate Professor and Chairman Department of Political Science Hazara University Mansehra ⁶Said Saeed, Principal Elementary & Secondary Education Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ⁷Associate Professor and Chairman Department of Pak Studies, AUST, Email: ¹muhammadtariq@hu.edu.pk,  ²Anwarali@hu.edu.pk, ³arif@ubuner.edu.pk,  ⁴Manzoor@awkum.edu.pk, ⁵drmuhammadayazkhan@gmail.com, ⁶saidsaeed54@gmail.com, ⁷drmuhammadrizwan_hu@yahoo.com

Adaptive Theory and Learning: Creating an Adaptive Learning Environment in Higher Education

Dr Abdulah H. Alabbad^a, Dr. Haifa F, Bin Mubayrik^b, ^aAssociate Professor, ^bProfessor, ^a,bEducational Policies Department, College of Education, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Impact of Accounting Disclosure of Social Responsibility on Market Performance for Banks

Hanan Subhi abu Na’er¹, Abdullah Salah Hardan², ²Associate professor in accounting. The World Islamic Sciences and Education University, (W.I.S.E), Amman Jordan. Email: ²as.hardan@yahoo.com

Barriers in Implementation of Inclusive Education in Punjab Government Schools

Dr. Ibtasam Thakur^a, Dr. Moafia Nader^b, Dr. Muhammad Idris^c, Saba Batool^d, ^a,bAssistant Professor, Department of Elementary and Teacher Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan. ^cAssistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan. ^dPrincipal Alshoumoukh Int.Academy, Qatar. Email: ^aIbtasam.thakur@lcwu.edu.pk, ^bvividmofia@gmail.com, ^cmidrees@awkum.edu.pk, ^dsabaabid3030 @yahoo.com

Bituminous Coal as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Battery (LIBs)

Faisal Muhamdsyah^a, Ahmad Helman Hamdani^b*, Agung Mulyo^c, ^a,,b.,cFaculty of Geology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang  Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia 45363, Email: ^afaizal.muhamadsyah@unpad.ac.id  ^b*ahmad.helman@unpad.ac.id, ^cagung.mulyo@unpad.ac.id.

The Effectiveness of SCAMPER Strategy in Enhancing Gifted Students’ Habits of Mind and Achievement Motivation

Sumayyah S. Al-Asqah^a, Mohammad F. Al-Qudah^b, Ismael Salamah Albursan^c, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet^d, Seham Muhji Almutairi^e, Ahmad Mohammad Ali Alzoubi^f, Abdullah M. Almanie^g, ^a,cQassim University, Department of psychology, College of education, Qassim, Saudi Arabia,^b,eKing Saud University, Department of psychology, College of education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, ^dKing Saud University, Department of psychology, College of education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, ^fAjman University, the College of Humanities and Sciences, Psychology Department, United Arab Emirates, ^gKing Saud University, Department of Educational Administration, College of Education, Saudi Arabia. Email: ^aDr-somaia1405@hotmail.com, ^bmalqudah@ksu.edu.sa, ^cibursan@ksu.edu.sa, ^dbakhiet@ksu.edu.sa, ^eSealmutairi@ksu.edu.sa, ^fa1970ahmad@hotmail.com, ^gaalmana@ksu.edu.sa

OTOP Distribution Potential of Phum Riang Silk, Thailand

Yalada Pornprasert Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, thailand,yalada.po@ssru.ac.th

User Centred Design: A New Essential for Effective Designs for the Physically Challenged

Asna Mubashra, Incharge Department of Textile Design, College of Art & Design, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Curriculum in Teacher Education Programs with Reference to National Education Policies in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abid Ali^a, Amjad Reba^b, Adnan Shahzad^c, ^aPh.D scholar, ^bAssistant professor, ^cPh.D, ^a,b,cInstitute of Education and Research, University of Peshawar

The main aim of this research was to explore the views of the teacher educators towards the teacher education programs with reference to curriculum in national education policies. The main research question of the study was to investigate the various education policies regarding curriculum in teacher education programs; the study was qualitative in nature. All thirteen teacher training institutions in public sector universities offering teacher trainings at all levels constituted the population of the study. The sample size of thirteen teacher educators ie one teacher educator from each institute was selected purposively. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data from teacher educators. The research found that reforms in teacher education curriculum are somehow in line with the modern trends. We have many changes in the education program; especially, introduction of a new program 4-year degree, while the rest of the participants mentioned education policy 2009 as well as other policies also focused on reforms in curriculum with other measures. It is recommended that the policy maker and implementer may focus on curriculum in teacher education programs reviewed as stated in the national education policy 2009. Pages 924 to 932

The Impact of Social Media on International Marketing Strategies

Tai Ming Wut^a, Shun-mun Wong^b, ^a,bSchool of Professional Education and Executive Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, Email: ^aEdmund.wut@cpce-polyu.edu.hk, ^bHelen.wong@cpce-polyu.edu.hk

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress among Secondary School Heads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Dr. Qaiser Suleman^1*, Dr. Makhdoom Ali Syed², Alam Zeb Khattak³, Khalid Mahmood Kayani⁴, Dr. Zobia Zaman⁵, and Iqleem Khan^{6 1}Principal, Elementary & Secondary Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. ²Department of Education, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. ³Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ⁴Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University Narian Sharif, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. ⁵Trainer at IQCS Innovative Solutions PTY Ltd., 7 Korana Street Plympton, South Australia. ⁶PSHT, Elementary & Secondary Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Email: ¹*qaiserkust2014@gmail.com

Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 in the Construction Sector: Exploring the Possibilities in Pakistan

Mirza Hammad Ghazanfar Baig¹, Muhammad Mutasim Billah Tufail², Mirza Jawad Ghazanfar Baig³, ^1,2Department of Management Studies Bahria University Karachi Campus Pakistan.

Satisfaction of Students about Educational Process through E-Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic at Qassim University, KSA

Samah El Awady Bassam¹, Khaled Fahah Al Hosis ¹Associate Professor, Pediatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Qassim University, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, ²Associate Professor,  Nursing Administration, College of Nursing, Qassim University, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, Email: s.basam@qu.edu.sa; awadysss@yahoo.com

Confirmed and Death Cases of COVID-19: Which is Informative in Explaining the Returns and Volatilities of Saudi Stock Market Indices?

Monia Ben Ltaifa^a, Abdelkader Derbali^b, ^aDepartment of Administrative and Financial Program, College of Community in Abqaiq, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 380, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia. ^bDepartment of Finance and Accounting, Higher Institute of Informatics and Management of Kairouan, Kairouan University, Kairouan, Tunisia and Department of Administrative and Financial Sciences and Techniques, Community College, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia. Email: ^ambenltaifa@kfu.edu.sa, ^baderbali@taibahu.edu.sa

The Structural Equation Model of Ecological Footprint and Inspiration of Public Mind Affecting Student’s Pro-Environmental Behaviour

Sapphasit Kaewhao, Lecturer, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand, Email: Sapphasit1981@gmail.com

DOI: 10.53333/IJICC2013/15772

The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Women’s Entrepreneurial Intention: A Mediated Moderated Model

Dr. Jamila Khurshid^a, Dr. Nabila Khurshid^b*, Dr. Arif Masih Khokhar^c, Nyela Ashraf^d, Dr. Muhammad Irfan^e, ^aDepartment of Business administration, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, ^bDepartment of Economics, Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ^*Corresponding author, ^cDept. of Business Administration, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ^dDepartment of Business Administration University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan, Email: ^adrjamilakhurshid@upr.edu.pk, ^b*nabilakhushid@comsats.edu.pk, ^carif.khokhar@rocketmail.com, ^dnyelaashraf@yahoo.com   ^emirfan@comsats.edu.pk

The Improvised Manifestation among the Old and New Grammarians

Dr. Mustafa Taher Al-Haiadreh, Department of Arabic Language, Yarmouk University, Jordan, 00962795014090, Email: hydr12@yahoo.com

Lessons Learned: Online Examination and Assessment   Practices During Pandemic

Inayatullah Kakepoto^a, ²Faheem Arshad^b, Imtiaz Ali Halepoto^c, Aniqa Arslan^{d a}Department of English, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science & Technology, Nawabshah, ^bDepartment of English, University of Sargodha, ^cDepartment of Computer Systems Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science& Technology, Nawabshah, ^dDepartment of Economics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Benazirabad. Email: kinayat@quest.edu.pk

The Impact of an Ineffective Security System on Women’s Political Participation in Pukhtoon Society

Dr. Najib Khan¹, Dr. Mahrukh Shakir² , Aman Ullah³, Amir Alam⁴, Sundus Hussain⁵, ⁶Dr. Niaz Muhammad Dr. Syed Zuhaib Aziz⁷, Hina Ashraf⁸, Sania Gul⁹, Sadaf Kalsoom Khattak¹⁰, ^1,4Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Upper Dir, KP, Pakistan, ²University of Southampton, United Kingdom,^3,8,9University of Swabi, Pakistan, ⁵Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Pakistan, ^6,7Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan,⁹Agriculture University Peshawar, Pakistan Email: ³Aman@uoswabi.edu.pk   

Computational Thinking through Creative Programming in a Computer Science Course

Foteini Paraskeva, Aikaterini Alexiou, Stavros Emmanouil Panoutsos^*, Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli and Demetriou, 18534 Piraeus, Greece,  *Corresponding Author

The Attitudes of Mutah University Graduate Students towards Media Negative Effects

Ahmed Abdel-Salam Al-Majali^a, Isra Abdul-Hamid Maaita^b, ^aBalqa Applied University, Jordan, ^bMutah University, Jordan, Email: ^aAhmad.Majali@bau.edu.jo